The Concepts of On, Giri and Gimu in the Story of Issun Boshi: A Cultural Analysis

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the cultural concepts of on (obligation or debt of gratitude), giri(social obligation), and gimu (unlimited moral duty) in the Japanese folktale Issun Boshi, as a reflectionof traditional Japanese values. Culture is a fundamental aspect of society that manifests through thoughtpatterns, behavior, and traditions passed down through generations. Japanese culture, with its collectivemindset and emphasis on interpersonal relationships, is strongly shaped by values such as on, giri, andgimu, which govern moral and social obligations. The study employs a qualitative research approachusing a descriptive-analytical method. Data were collected through literature review and note-takingtechniques, focusing on the Japanese folktale Issun Boshi. Referential identity analysis is used tointerpret the meaning of utterances in the folktale in relation to real-world cultural contexts. Thetheoretical framework draws from literary anthropology (Suwardi Endraswara) and cultural ethics (RuthBenedict), enabling a deeper understanding of how cultural values are embedded in literature. Thefindings reveal that on is reflected in the protagonist’s gratitude and devotion to his parents (oya no on)and to his employer or benefactor (nushi no on), while giri is manifested in his sense of responsibilityand loyalty toward the noble figure who accepts him (me ue no giri). Gimu is shown through theprotagonist’s unwavering duty and moral perseverance, even when full repayment of kindness isunattainable. These values, deeply rooted in Japanese society, are effectively communicated throughfolktales like Issun Boshi, highlighting the role of literature in the transmission of ethical norms andcollective identity. This study not only enriches cross-cultural understanding but also contributes tomoral education by illustrating the importance of gratitude, loyalty, and reciprocal responsibility inJapanese culture.