Health Promotion Strategies in the Prevention and Management of Delirium, Dementia, and Dysphagia in Older Adults: A Literature Review

Abstract

Elderly individuals, defined as those aged 60 years or older, experience various physical, psychological, social, and spiritual changes as part of the aging process. Common health problems among the elderly include delirium, dementia, and dysphagia, which can reduce quality of life and increase the risk of complications. According to UN data, the elderly population in Indonesia is estimated at approximately 30.9 million in 2023 and projected to reach 48–50 million by 2035. These trends highlight the urgent need for effective health promotion strategies to prevent and manage these conditions. This literature review utilized secondary data from scientific articles retrieved from Google Scholar and PubMed, published between 2019 and 2025. Selected studies focused on health promotion strategies, prevention, and management of delirium, dementia, and dysphagia in elderly populations. Descriptive analysis was performed to identify the most effective interventions and approaches. Findings indicate that comprehensive health promotion interventions can enhance awareness among the elderly and their families regarding early signs of delirium, dementia, and dysphagia. Effective strategies include health education, nutritional management, cognitive stimulation, caregiver training, and active involvement of healthcare professionals and community support. Early interventions were shown to reduce complication risks, slow dementia progression, and improve overall quality of life for elderly individuals. However, implementation challenges persist, including limited resources, low health literacy, and unequal access to healthcare services. Health promotion strategies play a critical role in preventing and managing delirium, dementia, and dysphagia in the elderly. Evidence-based programs, support from healthcare providers, family involvement, and community-based interventions are key factors in successfully addressing these health issues.