Health Promotion Strategies in Reducing Loneliness in The Elderly in Indonesia: Literature Review

Abstract

Background: Loneliness is a common problem experienced by the elderly and negatively impacts quality of life. Based on data from the Central Statistics Agency in 2023, more than 2.3 million elderly people or approximately 7.10% of the total elderly population in Indonesia live alone, this condition is an additional risk factor for increasing loneliness among the elderly. Objective: To determine what health promotion methods are provided to the elderly to reduce levels of loneliness. Method: Qualitative research using a literature review method. Journals were taken from the period 2017-2025. The search followed the PICO model (patient, population, problem; intervention, prognostic, factor; comparison; outcome study). Inclusion criteria included studies with elderly subjects and health promotion interventions involving community approaches, education, social support, physical activity, arts and culture, and technology. Results: Various interventions such as cross-sector coordinated elderly posyandu, storytelling, art therapy, health education through print media and lectures, and physical activities such as Tai Chi have been proven effective in reducing loneliness. A community-based approach with social empowerment and family support has a positive impact on reducing loneliness and improving the quality of life of the elderly. Key barriers include limited access in remote areas, social stigma, and readiness to use technology. Conclusion: Health promotion that integrates sustainable community approaches, education, and technological innovation is crucial in addressing loneliness in older adults. Strengthening policies and resource capacity is needed to ensure program effectiveness and sustainability.