Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Its Association with Increased Obesity Risk: A Recent Literature Review

Abstract

Background: The global increase in ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption has been strongly linked to rising obesity rates. UPFs are typically high in calories, sugar, unhealthy fats, and additives, while lacking fiber and essential nutrients. Methods: This narrative literature review examined studies published between 2015 and 2025 in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Eligible articles included observational and interventional research assessing UPF consumption and outcomes related to obesity, including body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Results: Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings from randomized trials, prospective cohorts, and meta-analyses consistently showed that high UPF intake is associated with increased calorie consumption, weight gain, higher BMI, central adiposity, and obesity prevalence across age groups. A dose–response relationship was evident, with greater UPF consumption linked to more adverse outcomes. Proposed mechanisms include excessive energy intake, poor satiety regulation, and metabolic dysfunction. Despite some heterogeneity, the evidence strongly supports UPFs as a major dietary contributor to obesity. Conclusion: UPF consumption is a significant driver of obesity and related metabolic disorders. Recommendations: Public health strategies should prioritize reducing UPF intake through taxation, front-of-pack labeling, marketing restrictions, nutrition education, and clinical counseling. Further research should assess long-term impacts of such interventions on population health.