Health and Environmental Risk Assessment due to Pesticide Exposure in Agricultural Communities: A Review of the Literature

Abstract

The use of pesticides in agriculture increases productivity but also poses significant health and environmental risks, particularly in farming communities with high exposure levels. Most previous studies have examined health or environmental effects separately, creating a gap in understanding the combined risks faced by vulnerable populations. This study seeks to assess both health and environmental risks of pesticide exposure and identify contributing factors through a literature review. A total of 50 scientific journals were reviewed, with 10 articles selected based on inclusion criteria and analyzed using a descriptive-thematic approach. The findings indicate that pesticide exposure is linked to acute poisoning, neurological symptoms, respiratory problems, and potential reproductive or developmental disorders in children. Chronic risks are most evident among farmers, children, and pregnant women, largely due to limited use of personal protective equipment, long spraying duration, and weak regulatory control. Environmentally, pesticide residues accumulate in soil, water, and aquatic ecosystems, contributing to degradation and biodiversity loss. Overall, the study highlights that pesticide exposure presents dual risks to human health and the environment, underscoring the need for integrated risk assessment, longitudinal studies, and stronger, sustainable management policies.