DINAMIKA SHARING ECONOMY: APROPRIASI KARYA DESAIN GRAFIS MELALUI CROWDSOURCING
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33633/andharupa.v10i03.11441Keywords:
apropriasi, crowdsourcing, eksploitasi, desain grafis, kapitalisme digital, pekerjaan spekulatifAbstract
Penelitian ini mengkaji bagaimana praktik crowdsourcing dalam kontes desain grafis di platform digital memunculkan bentuk baru dari eksploitasi di era kapitalisme digital. Penelitian ini berfokus pada dua kelompok utama: komunitas desainer grafis online otodidak di desa Kaliabu, Kecamatan Salaman, Kabupaten Magelang, Jawa Tengah, dan para desainer grafis online akademis di Yogyakarta. Dengan menggunakan teori Christian Fuchs mengenai tenaga kerja digital (digital labour), penelitian ini menggambarkan bagaimana desainer terlibat dalam kontes desain tanpa adanya jaminan kompensasi, yang pada akhirnya menciptakan nilai lebih (surplus value) yang dieksploitasi oleh kapitalis digital. Melalui studi kasus dan wawancara mendalam dengan desainer dari kedua kelompok, penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa digitalisasi kerja memberikan keuntungan ganda bagi pemilik platform digital. Mereka dapat memanfaatkan tenaga kerja gratis yang disumbangkan oleh desainer, serta mendapatkan keuntungan dari apropriasi data dan karya yang dihasilkan desainer tanpa kompensasi yang layak. Dalam proses ini, apropriasi terjadi ketika karya-karya yang tidak memenangkan kontes dan data pribadi desainer digunakan oleh pihak ketiga tanpa sepengetahuan atau izin mereka, menjadikan desainer sebagai subjek eksploitasi yang tidak hanya merugikan secara finansial tetapi juga dalam aspek data pribadi mereka. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa praktik-praktik crowdsourcing dalam industri desain grafis digital perlu ditinjau kembali.References
Azhar, S. 2021. The conditions of the global digital working class: The continuing relevance of Friedrich Engels to theorising platform labour. Triple-C: Open Access Journal for Global Sustainable Information Society, Vol 19 No 1 (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v19i1.1217
Boyer, R. 2022. Platform capitalism: a socio-economic analysis. Socio-Economic Review. 20 (4): 1857–1879. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwaa055.
Carlos, S.G. 2024. Datafeudalism: The Domination of Modern Societies by Big Tech Companies. Philosophy and Technology, Volume 37, Issue 3 September 2024. DOI 10.1007/s13347-024-00777-1
Demir, I. 2024. Errand runners of digital platform capitalism: The errand economy as a contribution to the discussion on the gig economy. Triple-C: Open Access Journal for Global Sustainable Information Society, 22(1):86-103. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v22i1.1438
De Rivera, J. 2020. A guide to understanding and combatting digital capitalism. Triple-C: Open Access Journal for Global Sustainable Information Society, 18(2):725-743.https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v18i2.1173
Duan, Y., 2023. Research on Wotobuy and Platform Capitalism. Advances in Economics Management and Political Sciences 51(1):1-5 DOI: 10.54254/2754-1169/51/20230598
Dujarier, M.A. 2023. How Work as a Category of Thought Has Been Disrupted in Neoliberal Capitalist Societies. Triple-C: Open Access Journal for Global Sustainable Information Society, Vol. 21 No. 2 (2023) pp. 107-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v21i2.1449
Fuchs, C. 2014. Digital Labour and Karl Marx. New York: Routledge.
_______. 2020. Engels@200: Friedrich Engels and digital capitalism. How relevant are Engels's works 200 years after his birth? Triple-C: Open Access Journal for Global Sustainable Information Society, Volume 19, Issue 1, pp. 15 - 51. DOI 10.31269/triple c.v19i1.1228
_______. 2024a. Appropriation of digital machines and appropriation of fixed capital as the real appropriation of social being: A comment on Toni Negri’s article “The appropriation of fixed capital: A metaphor?”. Triple-C: Open Access Journal for Global Sustainable Information Society, Vol. 22 No. 1 (2024) pp. 468-475, DOI: https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v22i1.1512
Fuchs, C., Arslan, S.C., Allmer, T. 2024. Critical theory foundations of digital capitalism: A critical political economy perspective. Triple-C: Open Access Journal for Global Sustainable
Information Society, Vol 22 No 1 (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v22i1.1454
Harvey, D. 2007. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hill, D.W. 2021. Trajectories in platform capitalism. Mobilities, DOI: 10.1080/17450101.2021.1917970
Howe, J. 2006. Crowdsourcing: Why the Power of the Crowd is Driving the Future of Business. New York: Crown Business.
Juliawan, H.B., Sinelir, H., Saraswati, I., Hasibuan, F.A., & Kurniawan, E. 2020. Buruh Digital, Peluang Keuntungan dan Intaian Kerentanan, Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University Press.
Krotz, F. 2024. Digitalisation Today as the Capitalist Appropriation of People’s Mental Labour. Triple-C: Open Access Journal for Global Sustainable Information Society, Vol 22 No 1 (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v22i1.1477
Liang, Y., Aroles, J., Brandl, B. 2022. Charting platform capitalism: Definitions, concepts and ideologies. New Technology, Work and Employment. 37 (2): 308–327. doi:10.1111/ntwe.12234.
Mahomedy, A.C. 2020. Platform Capitalism – Boon or Bane to Society? Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Islamic Economics, Vol. 33 No. 1, pp: 71-82 (January 2020) DOI:10.4197/Islec. 33-1.5
Marčeta, P. 2021. Platform capitalism – towards the neo-commodification of labour? Elgar Online, DOI: 10.4337/9781802205138.00011
Narayan, D. 2022. Platform capitalism and cloud infrastructure: Theorizing a hyper-scalable computing regime. Environment and Planning A 54(2):0308518X2210940 DOI: 10.1177/0308518X221094028
Nasution, P.P.P.A., Ghani, M.W. 2019. In the name of “like this”: The appropriation of artwork in digital age. International Journal of Creative and Arts Studies, Volume 6 Number 1, June 2019, p-ISSN 2339-191X, e-ISSN 2406-9760
Naudé, W. 2022. Late industrialisation and global value chains under platform capitalism. Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40812-022-00240-2
Negri, A. 2024. The Appropriation of Fixed Capital: A Metaphor? Triple-C: Open Access Journal for Global Sustainable Information Society, Vol. 22 No. 1 (2024) pp. 459-467, DOI: https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v22i1.1512
Pasaribu, Y.M. (Ed.). 2020. Dasar Pengadaan dan Pengelolaan Jasa Desain di Indonesia. Jakarta: Badan Ekonomi Kreatif.
Prodnik, J.A. 2023. The Crisis of Legitimacy and the Appropriation of Resistance in Capitalism. Triple-C: Open Access Journal for Global Sustainable Information Society, Vol. 21 No. 1 (2023) pp. 51-73, DOI: https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v21i1.1403
Schneider, N. 2022. Governable stacks against digital colonialism. Triple-C: Open Access Journal for Global Sustainable Information Society, Vol 20 No 1 (2022) pp. 19-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v20i1.1281
Srnicek, N. 2016. Platform Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Steinberg, M., Zhang, L., Mukherjee, R. 2024. Platform capitalisms and platform cultures. International Journal of Cultural Studies, January 2024. DOI: 10.1177/13678779231223544
Sundararajan, A. 2016. The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise of Crowd-Based Capitalism. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Suseno, F.M. 2016. Pemikiran Karl Marx: Dari Sosialisme Utopis ke Perselisihan Revisionisme. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Törnberg, P. 2023. How platforms govern: Social regulation in digital capitalism. Big Data & Society. 10 (1). DOI:10.1177/20539517231153808.
Witheford, N.D. 2020. Left Populism and Platform Capitalism. Triple-C: Open Access Journal for Global Sustainable Information Society, Vol 18 No. 1 (2020) pp. 116-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v18i1.1130
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 ANDHARUPA: Jurnal Desain Komunikasi Visual & Multimedia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
