TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN JACK CANFIELD AND MARK VICTOR HANSEN NOVEL’S “CHICKEN SOUP FOR THE MOTHER OF PRESCHOOLER’S SOUL”

This research entitled Translation Techniques of Illocutionary Acts in Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen Novel’s “Chicken Soup for the Mother of Preschooler’s Soul”. It is directed to find out the illocutionary acts and the translation techniques in translating quotes (English version) into the target language (Indonesian version). This research used descriptive-qualitative method. Based on the analysis, there are 3 illocutionary acts used including Representative occurs 65 times, represents 77, 38%. Directive occurs 16 times, represents 19, 05%. Commissive occurs 3 times, represents 3,57%. Declaration and expressive illocutionary were not found out. The researchers also found out that there are 15 translation techniques by Molina Albir. They are Adaptation (4 data) 4,76%, Amplification (7 data) 8,33%, Pure Borrowing (1 data) 1,19%, Naturalized Borrowing (2 data) 2,38%, compensation (6 data) 7,14%, description (1 data) 1,19%, discursive creation (5 data) 5,95%, establish equivalent (9 data) 10,71%, generalization (1 data) 1,19%, linguistic amplification (15 data) 17,86%, linguistic compression (7 data) 8,33%, literal translation (12 data) 14,29%, modulation (2 data) 2,38%, particularization (3 data) 3,57%, reduction (4 data) 4,76%, transposition (5 data) 5.95%. The total data is 84. The technique of translation found out is dominated by Linguistic Amplification technique 17,86%. It is caused by illocutionary acts which contain mostly linguistic amplification that make the message more clearly to the target readers. From the findings, it can be concluded that the translator should know the pragmatic, speech acts that involve illocutionary acts, to maintain the intention from the author. He should also understand the technique in translating text to get good translation in order to make the readers understand and get the message of the text.

world where motivation has solved problems that they might not know if they need it.
Not everyone is born with high self-confidence to do anything. Some people cannot do that without motivation. Thus, motivation drives people to make an action continuously until they achieve the goals. (Slavin, 2006).
Nowadays, motivation text easily found in everywhere especially in written where people unaware they will read motivational text such in handy crafts, wall decoration, vintage furniture, cafe receipt, greeting card and books like novel that put some quotes from motivators.

Quotes of Motivational expressions in Indonesia mostly found in two languages
there are Indonesian and English as international language. International language becomes very important in this era because it has impact on every field of work especially as a translator in Indonesia. Therefore, translator does not want to miss any chance to actively participate in this era. Larson (1984) said that translation is a process of translating the meaning from the source into target language. It means that translation is a process of transferring meaning of language without change the original thought so that only the form changes. Furthermore, in translating a literary work into another language means that creating a new literary work in another language.
There are many translation works such as books, newspapers, magazines and novels. A translation novel is a novel that contains different language and culture from the original but it gives the same purpose of the message of the original language. In a novel, the translator should convey appropriately for the messages or the writer's idea, opinions and original thoughts in the translated version to make the readers understand. So, the translator has to think and select words that can be accepted in the target language with the right technique to make sense.
The kind of translation that the researchers used is literary work that is a novel entitled "Chicken Soup for The Mother of Preschooler"s Soul" by Jack Canfield, in Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen Novel"s "Chicken Soup for the Mother of Preschooler"s Soul" Mark Victor Hansen, Maria Nickless and Elisa Morgan with Carol McAdoo Rehme.
They are American authors and motivational speakers. The novel describes about the day and miracles of being mom to a preschooler and finding peace from the sadness of letting go to enjoying some personal independence to the little family. In writing this novel, the author used quotes by some inspirational people that mostly contains motivational expressions and make the reader more interested. Karol Ladd, the author of The Power of Positive Mom stated that the stories will certainly touch all moms and remind them how much mothering matters. Hence, it involves communication to the readers. In the quotes of the novel, the translator faces with other expressions that have different background with the culture in target language. Motivational expression in the quotes is a kind of speech act. Speech acts occurred when the readers understand the author"s intention and then act as the author"s desire. Hence, translation has speech elements that can be studied by pragmatic approach. Yule (1996) defined that "Pragmatics investigated people"s intended meanings, assumptions, goals and actions when they are performing when they speak".
According to (J.L. Austin 1998) "there are various acts that is performed when someone is speaking or writing, that are called: Locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act".
The reasons why the researchers discuss Translation techniques of illocutionary acts in Chicken Soup for the mother of preschooler"s soul novel firstly, because firstly Chicken Soup is one of novels contains stories to refresh the soul and inspiring moms of little ones. Secondly, many quotes are found in the novel mostly contains motivational expressions and hopefully make the readers has a passion and motivation to do something when they found an inspirational text. Thirdly, it will help people to understand what the intention of those quotes by analyzing the illocutionary so that the message can be conveyed to the readers appropriately. The other reason, it will give knowledge to the readers about the techniques of translation that are used by the translator to minimize a mistake in these quotes" translation. (2002) and pragmatics approach by focusing on illocutionary acts by John.R.Searle that are:

The researchers use 18 translation technique introduced by Molina Albir
Declaration, Representative, Directive, Expressive and Commissive.

PREVIOUS RESEARCHES
The previous study entitled "The Translation Technique of Illocutionary Act in Seribu Kunang-Kunang Di Manhattan short story" by Cerly Mardiana (2017) from Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta University discussed illocutionary acts and the translation techniques by Molina Albir. It focused on utterances in the short story as the data.
However, the researcher did not discuss the quotes or motivational expressions.
Another previous study entitled "An Analysis of Directive Illocutionary Act of Luther Character in the Novel "Skipping Christmas" Translated Into "Absen Natal" by Ovina Nindyasari (2013) from Universitas Dian Nuswantoro discussed the Types of directive illocutionary acts which occurred in the utterances and the translation patterns. However, the researcher did not discuss the motivational expressions and the five kinds of Illocutionary Acts.
In this study the researchers uses quotes that mostly contains motivational expressions in the novel as the data. Thus, 18 Techniques of translation by Molina and Albir (2002) and pragmatic approach by focusing on the Illocutionary Acts theory by Austin and Searle , which is divided into 5 types, were applied in this study.

Translation Techniques
There are some methods or techniques in translating. One of them is suggested by Molina and Albir (2002). The techniques were used to analyze a translated text and clasify into some types based on their translation equivalence.

Illocutionary Acts
Austin explained that illocutionary act is not only used to get something but to doing something based on the situation appropriately. The Act of Doing somehing is called illocutionary act. For example when a lecturer said to the students:"I am sick".
When the lecturer means that he is planning to cancel the class , so it is called as illocutionary act. But if it is said by a wife to her husband, it probably means that it is a call to bring her to see a doctor. People who say or write something must have certain purposes through their utterances. They may purpose to asking, giving information, promising, warning and ordering through the utterances or sentences.
According to J.R Searle (1979) illocutionary acts are divided into five types and each of acts also have communication as follows: Speech act type Direction of fit S=Speaker/writer X=Situation Declaration Words change the world S causes X

Representative
Make words fit the world S believe X

Expressive
Make words fit the world S feels X Directive Make the world fit words S wants X Commisive Make the world fit words S intends X

METHODS
The data of this study are Jack Ceanfield and Mark Victor Hansen Novel"s "Chicken Soup for the Mother of Preschooler"s Soul" and its Indonesian translation version.

Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis of this research used Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen Novel"s "Chicken Soup for the Mother of Preschooler"s Soul" and its Indonesian translation version by Yasmine Hadibroto focusing in every quotes of the novels in the form of sentences that contained illocutionary acts and the translation techniques.

Technique of Data Collection and Analysis
For technique in data collection, the researchers do some steps. Started by, choosing the literature work that is novel, followed by choosing the title which mostly contains motivation text. Then downloading the novel in English version from the Google play book and get the translation version in the bookstore. After that, marking the quotes in the novel. In technique of data analysis, the researchers applied some steps. Firstly, Classifying the data into 5 types of illocutionary acts by Searle (1975).
Secondly, identifying the translation techniques that are used in quotes. Then calculating the data of illocutionary acts and the translation techniques. After that, presenting the data analysis in discussion.

Source of Data
The source of data in the study is written data. The researchers used Quotes in There are 3 illocutionary acts used based on J.R Searle (1979) namely; Representative, directive, and commissive. The total data is 84. The percentage of each illocutionary acts as follows: Representative occurs 65 times, represents 77,38%.

Discussion
According to the finding above, this discussion shows the types of illocutionary acts found in quotes novel entitled "Chicken Soup for the Mother of Preschooler"s Soul" and the translation techniques that is used by the translator. Here is the example of the data:

Adaptation
Excerpt 1 SL: like mother like daughter. (Representative) TL: buah jatuh tak jauh dari pohonnya. (Representative) The data contains illocutionary act. The type of illocutionary acts in both SL and TL is representative. Representative is kind of speech acts that state what the writer believes it can be true or false (Searle 1979). Representative above found in the form of proverb. According to Meider (1985) has defined the proverb as a short sentence that contains wisdom, truth, and traditional views in a metaphorical by people, which is handed down from generation to generation. The proverb means that daughters resemble their mothers. The resemblance above means that daughter has inherited from her mother physical traits, personal qualities like some kind of the habits. In Indonesian the proverb has same meaning as "buah jatuh tak jauh dari pohonnya". The writer wants to show that a daughter has similar talents, looks, or personality traits as her mother. So, it can motivate parents to give good attitude because how the daughter is depends on how the mother is.
The data used Adaptation technique. The technique used to replace cultural element from the source language into target culture. Different culture will cause different understanding, if the element of those cultures has equivalents in the TL, the translator can use Adaptation technique. In the source language "Like mother like daughter" is English proverb which means a daughter has same personal qualities as the mother. Indonesian language also has proverb that has the same meaning, that is "buah jatuh tak jauh dari pohonnya" The translator makes the proverb equivalents in the TL. If the translator translated literally, as"seperti ibu seperti anak" it is confusing in the target language. So, the translator used adaptation technique to fit the message in the target language by using same proverb meaning. The data contains illocutionary act. The type of illocutionary acts in both SL and TL is directive. Directive is a kind of speech acts that state to get someone else to do something (Searle 1979). Directive above found in the form of command. The verb "go" (tandailah) that is added with the suffix "lah" which means command. The directive above showed that the general communicative function is a command. The writer wants the target reader to give a kiss for the little girl as the sign of love.

Amplification
The data used Amplification technique. The technique is used by adding new information that is not described in the source language. In the source language "kiss" is translated into "kecupan" which has the same meaning that add information "di pipi". The translator makes the word "kiss" with introduces it more details in TL.
So, the translator used amplification technique to make the message has more information. The data contains representative illocutionary act. Representative is a kind of speech acts that states what the writer believes it can be true or false (1996). The quote above describes the mother"s feeling when she becomes a mother.

Borrowing
The data used borrowing technique. It is the literal translation of foreign word or phrase but the translation is straight from another language. The translator used naturalized borrowing because he changes the word "ironies" into TL "ironi" by deleting suffix -es. Indonesian language usually uses other methods to indicate the concept of something being "more than one". It can be called Group words, which is a plural can be shown by using the singular noun and adding group words. In this case, Indonesian translation replaces it with the word "berbagai". So, the translator just changes the spelling of the word.
The data contains illocutionary act. The type of illocutionary acts in both SL and TL is representative. Representative is a kind of speech acts that states what the writer believes it can be true or false. The clause "it"s very important" above shows that the general communicative function is a statement. According to Collins English Dictionary, defines statement as an information that people say or write in a formal way. The writer gives motivation in the form of information that giving a chance is important to children. By way of chance, they will be able to learn.
The data used compensation technique. The technique is used to show information in another place in target language. The word "it"s very important" is on the front sentence. While in the TL, "sangatlah penting" is behind of sentence.
However, it does not change a grammatical category. The phrase has function as adjective because the word "it" refers to the subject "a chance" is followed by a linking verb (in this case "is") is usually called as adjective. So, the word "very important" functions as an adjective. In the TL the word "sangatlah penting" is also called as adjective. The word "penting" describes the quality of subject. So, the sentence just gives the same information in another place in the TL. Indonesian language commonly used the adjective word behind. Such as "gadis cantik" while in English "beautiful girl" So, it cannot be reflected in the same place in TL. So, the translator used compensation technique.

Description
Excerpt 6  The data contains illocutionary act. The type of illocutionary acts in both SL and TL is directive. Directive is a kind of speech acts that states to get someone else to do something. While in the SL and TL Directive above found in the form of command. The verb "catch" that means "tangkaplah" that is added the suffix "lah" which means as command. The directive above shows that the general communicative function is a command. Based on the quotes in data number 30, the writer wants us to make an effort to "explore, dream and discover."So, when we look back, we will not be disappointed with the "adventures" that did not happen. The motivational expression used a metaphor about sailing for "exploring, dreaming and discovering". According to Cambridge Dictionary, Metaphor is an expression that describes a person or object by referring to something that is considered to have similar characteristics to that person or object.
The data used Description technique. The technique that replace a term or expression with a description of its form or/and function in the target language. This is used when the source language does not have a corresponding term in the target language. According to Merriam Webster "tradewinds" is defined as a wind blowing almost constantly in one direction. In the target language it is described as "angin yang berubah-ubah". So, the translator used description technique to describe term in the TL.

Discursive creation
Excerpt 7 SL: Some sort of silent trade takes place between mothers and children. Yuko Tsushima (Representative) TL: Ada komunikasi tanpa kata-kata antara para ibu dengan anak anaknya.
The data contains illocutionary act. The type of illocutionary acts in both is representative. Representative is a kind of speech acts that states what the writer believes it can be true or false. Representative above found in the form of statements.
The writer giving information that there is strong bond between mothers and children.
The data used discursive creation technique. To create a temporary equivalence that is unpredictable out of context totally. This technique commonly used in translating title of novel, book and movie. In the source language "some of sort silent trade takes place" replaces into "ada komunikasi tanpa kata-kata" which has different meaning in literal. The translator used word "komunikasi" in the TL as the translation of word "trade" in the SL. In the dictionary, "trade" is defined as exchange (something) for something else, typically as a commercial transaction. So, the translator used discursive creation technique that totally out of context to make the reader more understand. The data contains illocutionary act. The type of illocutionary acts in both are representative. Representative is kind of speech acts that state what the writer believes it can be true or false. Representative above found in the form of statements. The word is (adalah) above showed that the general communicative function is a statement. The writer stated if we create happiness (love) in our home, it is a great accomplishment. It can motivate mothers to make a happy family.

Establish equivalent
The data used establish equivalent technique. This technique based on language in use as an equivalent in the TL. The word "great", translated into "besar" in Indonesian language and the word "accomplishment" is translated into "pencapaian".
However, if the translator translated it literally into "besar pencapaian", it will make mistake. So, the translator translated the phrase based on language in use as an equivalent which in Indonesian "pencapaian yang besar".
in Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen Novel"s "Chicken Soup for the Mother of Preschooler"s Soul"
The data contains illocutionary act. The type of illocutionary acts in both are representative. Representative is a kind of speech acts that states what the writer believes it can be true or false. Representative above is found in the form of statements. The quote above showed if people follow their own direction and believe that they could without rely to other people, it called as wise men.
The data used generalization technique. It is the using of a more general or neutral term. It is used when the term refers to specific thing. The word "men" is translated into "orang-orang" because the translator wants to make the translation more neutral because "wise" is a personality that everyone has no matter he or she, especially in this novel that contains stories about mother and children. So, the translator used generalization technique.

Linguistic amplification
Excerpt 10 SL: Other things may change us, but we start and end with family. Anthony Brandt (Representative) TL: Ada banyak hal lain yang bisa mengubah kita, namun kita berawal dan berakhir dengan keluarga. (Representative) The data contains illocutionary act. The type of illocutionary acts in both are representatives. Representative is a kind of speech acts that states what the writer believes it can be true or false. The quote above asserts that people change by everything based on their stories or activities or experiences, but they started from their family before they changed, and after they changed and become the older, they end with the "new" family.
The data used Linguistic amplification technique. This technique is used to add linguistic elements without change or add new information. The word "other things" translated into "ada banyak hal lain" that add the linguistic elements "ada banyak".
It is added because the translator wants to make the information explicitly. So, the translator used linguistic amplification technique in the target language.

Linguistic compression
The data contains illocutionary act. The type of illocutionary acts in both is representative. Representative is a kind of speech acts that states what the writer believes it can be true or false. Representative above is found in the form of assertions.
The word is (adalah) above showes that the general communicative function is a statement. The writer asserts that making the decision to have a child is momentous.
The data used linguistic compression technique. The technique used to compress linguistic elements in the TL. In the source language "making the decision" which means "membuat keputusan" is compressed into "memutuskan" which has the same meaning. The translator omits the word "making (membuat)" as linguistic elements in the TL and replace the noun phrase "the decision" into verb "memutuskan" in the SL. So, the translator used linguistic compression technique to make the message readable without reduce the information. The data contains illocutionary act. The type of illocutionary acts in both are representatives. Representative is a kind of speech acts that states what the writer believes it can be true or false. Representative above found in the form of statement.

Literal translation
The writer wants to explain that love can make us happy.
The data used literal technique. The technique used in translating word for word. In the source language "one word frees us" is translated into TL "satu kata membebaskan kita" that have been translated word by word. The word "one" is translated into "satu", "word" is translated into "kata", "frees" is translated into "membebaskan" and "us" is translated into "kita." So, the translator used literal technique.  Yule (1996). It is a statement from the children to their mother. It tells about the children who saw their mother watch them through the window playing in the yard. In the story, the children told that the mother is looking through is the same one god looked in. So, the general communicative function is a statement. The writer stated if he (as the child) beside the mother everywhere and every time. So, it motivates mothers to "do not feel alone" as the data before. The data used Particularization technique. This technique is used to more specific or concrete term. It contrasts to generalization technique. In the source language "it" is replaced into "peraturan." In the SL the word "it" is a pronoun that refers to the word "peraturan." So, the translator makes the TL more specific by using particularization technique.

Reduction
Excerpt 15 SL: Children have never been very good at listening to their elders, but they have never failed to imitate them. James Baldwin (representative) TL: Anak-anak tak pernah bisa mendengarkan orang tuanya, tapi tak pernah gagal untuk menirukan mereka. (representative) The data contains illocutionary act. The data used reduction technique. The technique used to suppress an SL information item in the TL. Reduction is an opposition to Amplification. In the source language "never been very good at listening" is translated into "tak pernah bisa mendengarkan" that suppresses the phrase "very good" while it gives information. So, the translator used reduction technique.

Transposition
Excerpt 16 SL: Some are kissing mothers and some are scolding mothers, but it is love just the same. Pearl Buck (representative) TL: Beberapa ibu suka menciumi dan beberapa ibu suka memarahi, tapi itu tetap adalah cinta. (Representative) The data contains illocutionary act. The type of illocutionary acts in both are Representative. Representative is a kind of speech acts that states what the writer believes it can be true or false. The quote above concludes that it all because of love.
The data used transposition technique. This technique changes a grammatical category, shift from plural into singular and can replace word to phrase. It is used because the different language structure between Source Language and Target Language. In the SL "Mothers" is translated into TL "Ibu" which changes plural into singular. Indonesian language usually replaces the plural word with added the word "para". If the SL "mothers" translated literally, it becomes "ibu-ibu" while in Indonesian language it can be called as the old women. So, the translator used the word "ibu" by using transposition technique.