APPRAISAL ANALYSIS OF TEMPO’S AND KOMPAS’ EDITORIALS ON PAPUA CASES

This study is entitled Appraisal Analysis of Tempo’s and Kompas’ Editorials on Papua Cases. This research aims to find what kind of appraisal items used in Tempo’s editorial entitled “Misunderstanding Papua” and in Kompas’ entitled “Exodus and Urgent Action”, as well as to describe the differences between them in term of appraisal. Descriptive qualitative were used as the research method. Martin and White (2005) and Martin and Rose (2007) theories regarding appraisal are used as the theoretical framework. Firstly, the editorials that talked about Papuan demonstration in September 23, 2019 were collected from Tempo’s and Kompas’ website. The data obtained were analyzed by identifying the appraising items in each clause. Then, the clauses containing appraising items were classified into the appropriate kind of appraisal items. After that, each appraisal items found were explained and the meaning behind were interpreted. And the last, drew the conclusion. The result reveals that in term of attitude, Tempo’s editorial uses more negative judgement and the appraised item is mostly the government. It shows that Tempo is not afraid to criticize the government. Meanwhile Kompas uses more negative affect and the appraised items are mainly Papuan people and the condition in Papua. It shows that Kompas chooses to express their sympathy more to those affected by the riots. In term of graduation, both editorials use more force than focus, especially intensification, to raise/emphasize their evaluation. As for engagement, Tempo and Kompas use more monogloss than heterogloss. This shows that opinions from both editorials mostly come from the writer only.


INTRODUCTION
Language is the primary tool for human to communicate with each other. It is used to express ideas, giving opinions, argue a point, and much more. To put it simply, the purpose and the function of language is to know about other people and let other know about you (Zhang, 2013: 835). Language is realized in two forms, written and spoken. A written language exists only as a complement to a specific spoken language (Sugiarto & Mulatsih, 2013: 4). However, Zhang (2013: 835) stated that these two forms of language perform different functions in human society and the different functions determine their fundamental differences. Nonetheless, language plays an important role in a lot of activity and one of which is to deliver news, an information about current events and can be accessed through various media such as word of mouth, printing, postal system, broadcasting, etc. It usually covers topics namely war, politics, government, health, economy, business, fashion, sport, as well as other unusual events. These kinds of events happen daily all over the world including Indonesia.
A lot of controversial things have occurred in Indonesia lately and a lot of media companies reported them both in spoken and written form. With the news being out in the public, it attracts various responds and opinions from society. However, the opinions come not only from the public, but also from the media companies and it is usually in a form of an article in a newspaper, magazine, or any written document, placed in a dedicated page or column under the title Editorial. Editorial is generally written by the senior editorial staff or publisher, and often unsigned because its purpose is to represent the company or publisher's opinion towards the issue. The opinion is not always necessarily neutral. Their judgment and view could be either positive or negative, depends on the issue and agreement of the staff involved in the making. According to Weintraut (https://www.geneseo.edu/~bennett/EdWrite.htm), editorial writers build on an argument and try to persuade readers to think the same way they do. It is meant to influence public opinion, promote critical thinking, and sometimes cause people to take action on an issue.
The opinion towards an issue in the editorial column of a media can be analyzed using Systemic Functional theory which is part of linguistics that focuses on the relationship between language and its functions in social settings. Inside SFL, there is a theory that concerns with evaluation and it is called as Appraisal (Martin and Rose, 2007: 25). According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, evaluation is defined as determination of the value, nature, character, or quality of something or someone. Hence, it can be said that appraisal is part of the interpersonal metafunction of language since it expresses ones' attitude and judgment.
As mentioned above, editorial can be found in magazine, newspaper, or any written document. There are two Indonesian mass media companies that have editorial in their published products namely Tempo and Kompas. Tempo is a weekly magazine which was first published in 1971, meanwhile Kompas is a daily newspaper that was founded in 1965. These media issue their publication both in Indonesian and English. They originally came in printed version, although, as technology has developed rapidly, they then publish their work in a digital form which making them easier for people to access national as well as international news. As a big mass media, Tempo and Kompas often cover issues from various fields, including social, economics, and politics.
There are several previous studies that discuss about appraisal. The first research regarding appraisal has been done in a study titled Appraisal System in The Jakarta Post's Editorial "Start Working, Jokowi" by Metasari (2013). The author of this research wanted to find out how people express and negotiate attitudes, judgments, feelings, appreciation, and the author's attitude toward Jokowi in the Editorial. The data in this research were analyzed by using descriptive qualitative method and used clause as the unit of analysis. The result reveals that the editorial author's attitude toward Jokowi in the editorial is positive. In this editorial, the author describes Jokowi as a true leader on the right leader for the citizens of Jakarta and the author wants the readers to think so.
The second previous research was conducted by Wicaksono (2017) in his thesis titled An Appraisal Analysis of a Bradley Colburn's Review on Gameplay Walkthrough Video. This study used Martin and Rose theory concerning appraisal as the framework to have an in depth understanding about the realization of each aspect of Attitude, Graduation, and Engagement from Bradley Colburn's evaluations toward the game Uncharted 4. The result reveals that Bradley's evaluations about the game are considered positive and he likes the game. In the engagement aspect, the researcher found that the source of his evaluation is fully Monogloss. In the attitude aspect, appreciation was mostly used and in the graduation aspect, force number is higher that focus.
The last study related to appraisal analysis titled Appraisal Analysis of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2013) Movie Review by Roger Ebert was written by Crystalia in 2016. Based on the analysis, the researcher found that the kind of appraising items used by the reviewer is mostly attitudinal lexis. Appreciation is used the most for the attitude aspect, monogloss for the engagement aspect, and then for the graduation aspect, the evaluation manly used down-scaled. The researcher concluded that the reviewer of the movie tends to evaluate things more than people and his evaluations are mostly negative toward the movie.
The weakness of those three previous studies is that those studies only use one type of data. This present research doesn't only use one editorial as the data but two editorials from two different media with the same topic are talked about. The researcher analyzes the attitude, engagement, and judgment aspect from each text and the results obtained are compared. Attitude, engagement, and judgment are aspects of appraisal.
Appraisal is system of interpersonal meanings, with the subjective presence of writers/speakers in texts as they adopt stances towards both the material they present and those with whom they communicate. It is concerned with how writers/speakers approve and disapprove, enthuse and abhor, applaud and criticize, and with how they position their readers/listeners to do like likewise (Martin and White, 2005: 1). Appraisal itself is regionalized as three interacting domains, they are attitude, engagement, and graduation.
Attitude is concerned with our feelings, including emotional reactions, judgments of behavior and evaluation of things. Attitude itself divided into three regions of feeling. Those are affect, judgement, and appreciation. Affect is a kind of attitude that deals with people's feelings. According to Martin and Rose (2007: 29), people's feelings can be either positive or negative and can be expressed directly or indirectly. Judgement is the next kind of attitude that deals with people's character. Like affect, judgement can be positive and positive, and they may delivered explicitly or implicitly. However, different with affect, judgements be distinguished between personal judgements of admiration (positive) or criticism (negative) and moral judgements of praise (positive) or condemnation (negative). The table below shows the example of personal and moral judgements that expressed directly and indirectly. Appreciation is the last kind of attitude and it deals with the value of things. In other words, appreciation includes our attitudes about various things such as TV shows, books, CDs; about painting, homes, parks; about plays, recitals; feelings about nature. Same as affect and judgement, appreciation can be done positively or negatively. The use of appreciation includes evaluating relationships and qualities of life which are abstract sort of things, for example: a beautiful relationship, an extremely short marriage, my unsuccessful marriage, hell, this abnormal life, etc. It also evaluates semiotic things, including a question, an issue and applications, for example: a frivolous question, a very serious issue, etc. In addition, there are also terms in appreciation on the positive evaluation side that concern with communal healing such as: the healing of breaches, the restoration of broken relationship, healing, reconciliation, etc. Meanwhile on the negative side, there are terms that concern with damage done, such as: broken relationship, the community he or she has injured by his or her offence, etc.
Engagement deals with sourcing attitudes and the play of voices around opinions in discourse. It concerned with the ways in which resources such as projection, modality, polarity, concession and various comment adverbials position the speaker/writer with respect to the value position being advanced and with respect to potential responses to that value position-by quoting or reporting, acknowledge a possibility, denying, countering, and affirming, and so on. There are two types of engagement namely heterogloss and monogloss. The term heterogloss means that the source of an attitude is other than the writer meanwhile monogloss means the source is simply just from the author (Martin and Rose, 2007: 49).
Graduation attends to grading phenomena whereby feelings are amplified and categories blurred. It values scale for the degree of the speaker/writer's intensity, or the degree of their investment in the utterance. Graduation operates across two axes of scalability-that of grading according to intensity or amount and that of grading according to prototypically and the preciseness by which category boundaries are drawn. Graduation according to intensity refer to the term force meanwhile graduation according to prototypically refer to the term focus. Force covers assessments as to degree of intensity and as to amount (Martin and White, 2005: 140). The assessments of degree of intensity can be seen from: the qualities (example: slightly foolish, it stopped very abruptly), the processes (example: this slightly hindered us, this greatly hindered us), the verbal modalities of likelihood, usuality, inclination, and obligation (example: it's just possible that, it's very possible that). On the other hand, the assessment of amount or termed as 'quantification' can be seen from: the imprecise measuring of number (example: a few miles), the imprecise measuring of the presence or mass of entities according to such features as their size, weight, distribution or proximity (example: small amount, large amount; nearby mountain, distant mountain). Focus applies most typically to categories which when viewed from an experiential perspective, are not scalable (Martin and White, 2005: 137). There are two ways to scale from focus category: first is Up-scale or sharpen. This way has been considered under the heading of intensifiers, amplifiers and boosters (example: a real father, a true friend).The second is down-scale or soften. This way has been explored under such headings as 'hedges' and 'vague language' (example: they sort of play jazz, they are kind of crazy).
The appraising words discussed in this study are taken from two editorials, those are Tempo and Kompas. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, editorial is a newspaper or magazine article that gives the opinions of the editors or publishers. Smith (2010: 245) argues that this section of the newspaper is the voice of the community where issues are debated, complicated ideas are explained, policies are criticized or praised. According to Koubali in Elyazale (2014: 22) there are three types of editorials. They are leading articles, letters to the editor, and personal editorials. Leading articles or also termed as institutional editorials, regularly written by members of the editorial board, and so represent the ideology of the newspaper. Letters to the editors are usually received by the newspaper from the readers as answers or comments about a particular issue already published by the newspaper. Personal editorials can be written by individual authors approaching and taking sides on different issues that were now necessarily published a priori.
The researcher is interested in analyzing the Editorials in Tempo entitled "Misunderstanding Papua" and in Kompas entitled "Exodus and Urgent Action" because those media are very popular in Indonesia and in this case both media talked about the same event that happened a while ago in Indonesia specifically Papuan demonstration. As stated before, editorials contain opinions which come from the media companies and in term of appraisal, those opinions can be analyzed through their attitude, engagement, and graduation. After the results obtained, then the researcher can see which media supports which side and to whom the opinion addressed to. The researcher used two editorials from different companies on purpose, which is to see the difference from both of them. Related to opinion, especially regarding the same issue, Tempo and Kompas have their own ideologies, although, there is a possibility that they would think alike. Therefore, the researcher decided to analyze the appraisal items from two editorials in order to find out if both media have different thoughts towards the same issue that happened recently or they possibly have the same opinions about it. Hence, the researcher can also see if both media take whether the same side or neutral, and whether they criticize or support the addressee.

Research Design
This study used descriptive qualitative method. Nassaji (2015: 129) stated that descriptive research is a research which goal is to describe a phenomenon and its characteristics. Meanwhile qualitative research, according to William (2007: 67), is a holistic approach that involves discovery where it also involves purposeful use for describing, explaining, and interpreting collected data.
This study is intended to describe the differences of opinion in term of appraisal from the collected data which are Tempo's and Kompas' editorial on Papua cases. This research uses Martin and White (2005) and Martin and Rose (2007) theories regarding appraisal as the theoretical framework.

Data and Subject
The data of this research are Tempo's editorial entitled "Misunderstanding Papua" which was published on October 10 2019 and Kompas' editorial entitled "Exodus and Urgent Action" which was published on October 1 st 2019.

Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis of this research is every clause containing appraisal items in Tempo's and Kompas' Editorial on Papua cases that happened on Septembr 23th 2019.

Technique of Data Collection
In collecting the data, the researcher used some steps as follows: Visiting Tempo website, reading the editorial part of the news then choosing one editorial with specific topic, visiting Kompas website, reading and matched the editorial topic with the one from Tempo, copying the data from both media, and finally printing the data that has been collected.

Technique of Data Analysis
After the data had been collected, they were then analyzed based on Miles and Huberman theory (1994, 10). First, the researcher re-read the editorial, then identified the appraisal items by underlining the appraising items in each clause. The next step is that the researchers classified the kinds of appraisal items found in the editorials. After that, the attitude, engagement, and graduation from the data according to the analysis were explained. The last steps are interpreting the result of analysis and drawing conclusions from the result of the research.

Results
As mentioned in the previous part, Tempo and Kompas are two media that are very popular in Indonesia. They always present the current news happening in Indonesia and abroad. This part discusses the appraisal found in Tempo and Kompas on Papua cases. The result can be seen on table 1. As it can be seen on the table above, from the total of both Tempo and Kompas, Affect has the higher number in attitude with 50%, then followed by Judgement with 33% and the last is appreciation with 17%. There are 24 attitudes found in Tempo which come mostly from judgement and 22 attitudes found in Kompas that mainly from affect. As For graduation, Tempo has 24 graduation while Kompas has 22 graduation and both graduations come from force. And for engagement, both Tempo and Kompas have more monogloss with the number of 20 and 19 from total, meanwhile for heterogloss, they have the same number which is 3 each.
From Table 1, it can be revealed that in term of attitude, Tempo's editorial uses more negative judgement and the appraised item is mostly the government. It shows that Tempo is not afraid to criticize the government. Meanwhile Kompas uses more negative affect and the appraised items are mainly Papuan people and the condition in Papua. It shows that Kompas chooses to express their sympathy more to those affected by the riots. In term of graduation, both editorials use more force than focus, especially intensification, to raise/emphasize their evaluation. As for engagement, Tempo and Kompas use more monogloss than heterogloss. This shows that opinions from both editorials mostly come from the writer only.

Attitude in Tempo's and Kompas' Editorial
Attitude is one of appraisal systems that concerned with our feelings, including emotional reactions, judgments of behavior and evaluation of things. In other words, attitude consists of affect, judgement, and appreciation.

a. Affect in Tempo's and Kompas' Editorials
Affect is a type of attitude that concerns with people's feeling. The following are examples of affect found in Tempo's and Kompas' editorials: Excerpt 1 "An approach based only on the economy and construction is not enough" (Tempo editorial) Excerpt 1 is taken from Tempo's editorial. The underlined word 'not enough' indicates a negative feeling. The appraised item is the government. It indirectly shows that the editorial's writer feels dissatisfied with the government that try to solve the problem in Papua through an approach based only on the economy and construction.
Excerpt 2 " But non-Papuan in the area still do not feel safe" (Tempo editorial) In excerpt 2, the underlined word 'do not feel safe' above indicates a negative feeling which is assumed to be felt by non-Papuan living in Wamena and the appraised item is the government. In this context, the writer suggests that although the government has guaranteed the people of Wamena's safety, the non-Papuan still distrust, insecure, and worry if they are going to get hurt in the area despite the government's effort to protect them.
Excerpt 3 "They are traumatized as well as worried about a reoccurrence of the violence" (Tempo editorial) From excerpt 3 above, it can be seen that there are two negative feelings, the words are 'traumatized' and 'worried'. The appraised item is the riots and law enforcement officers. In this context, the writer suggests that non-Papuan people who live in Papua feel shocked, uneasy, and also afraid that the violence they experienced will occur again in the future. The 'worried' feeling also indirectly shows that they distrust the law enforcement officers' ability to handle or secure the demonstrations that end up in riots.
Excerpt 4 "A total of 11,646 people, more than a fourth of Wamena's population, have left" (Tempo editorial) As it can be seen in excerpt 4 above, the underlined word "have left" indicates a negative feeling. The appraised item is the condition of Wamena, Papua. The writer suggests that the act of leaving is Wamena citizen's physical expression of their insecurity and worry about the chaos that happened in the place where they live at that time.
Excerpt 5 "News coming out of Wamena is saddening" (Kompas editorial) The excerpt above is from Kompas' editorial. As it can be seen, the underlined word 'saddening' indicate negative feeling. The appraised item is Wamena, Papua. It shows that the news of conflicts in Wamena makes the editorial writer feels sad.

Excerpt 6
"They opened a business and embarked on a peaceful life" (Kompas editorial) The underlined words 'embarked on a peaceful life' above indicate positive feeling. In this case, the appraised item is Wamena, Papua. The writer suggests that they (in this case, non-Papuan migrating to Papua) feel hopeful and assured that the place they live in has a potential for a better and peaceful life.

Excerpt 7
"What was to be feared after all, they were still within the territory of the Republic of Indonesia, a shared home that is suppposed to provide peace and protection to its people." (Kompas editorial) The underlined words 'what was to be feared after all' above indicate a positive feeling. The appraised item is Papua. In this context, the writer suggests that at the time where a lot of people moved to Papua to start a new life, they feel safe because they trust Papua, which is part of Indonesia, is a place where they can live peacefully and have no worry.

b. Judgement in Tempo's and Kompas' Editorial
Judgement is the next type of attitude and it concerns with people's character. The following are the examples of judgement found in Tempo's and Kompas' Editorial: Excerpt 8 The excerpt above belongs to Tempo's editorial. The underlined words 'needs to realize immediately' above show negative judgement. The appraised item is Presiden Joko Widodo. It indirectly shows that the editorial's writer judges President Joko Widodo as someone who is incapable to realize what mistakes he has done in dealing with Papua.
Excerpt 9 "The government should respect the dignity and worth of the Papuan people". (Tempo editorial) The underlined words 'should respect the dignity and worth of the Papuan people' in the excerpt above indicate another negative judgement. The appraised item is the government. It shows that the editorial's writer indirectly judges the government as a party that undervalues the dignity and worth of the Papuan people, hence, the writer demands the government to give them the respect they deserve.

Excerpt 10
" The police gave the impression of being slow to deal with this case," (Tempo Editorial) The underlined words 'gave the impression of being slow' above indicate a negative judgement. The appraised item is the police. It shows that the Papuan case that hasn't been resolved yet makes the editorial writer judges the police for not being fast enough in dealing the issue.

Excerpt 11
"The government seems to have ignored these recommendations." (Tempo editorial) The underlined words 'seems to have ignored these recommendations' in the excerpt above indicate a negative judgement. The appraised item is the government. It shows that the editorial writer judges the government as being apathetic. In this case, LIPI (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia) recommends the government to address four root causes the conflict in Papua, however, they don't take those recommendations well and therefore the problem keeps happening.

Excerpt 12
"Reports said armed criminal groups took part in the riot" (Kompas editorial) The excerpt above is from Kompas' editorial. The underlined words 'armed criminal groups took part in the riot' above indicate negative judgement. The appraised item is the armed criminal group. It shows that the people who made the reports indirectly judge those armed criminal group as guilty because their irresponsible action involving weapon contribute the riot in Papua.

Excerpt 13
"It is imperative that policies on the reconstruction of public facilities, markets and shops be made for economic recovery, and the restoration of peace and order." (Kompas editorial) The underlined words 'it is imperative' above indicate negative judgement. The appraised item is the government. It shows that the editorial writer indirectly judge the government as still incapable to make policies that help economic recovery and restoration of peace.

c. Appreciation in Tempo's and Kompas' Editorial
Appreciation is another kind of attitude and it deals with the value of things. Below are the examples of appreciaton found in Tempo's and Kompas' editorials: Excerpt 14 "The exodus of so many people clearly shows the seriousness of the situation in Papua" (Tempo editorial) The excerpt above is from Tempo's editorial. The underlined words 'the seriousness of the situation in Papua' above indicate a negative appreciation. The appraised item is the issue in Papua. It shows that the writers see the people leaving Papua because of the issue occurred in there as a condition that can't be underestimated any longer, or in other words as an alarming situation.

Excerpt 15
"Only through a serious effort by the government to understand the people of Papua and to heal old wounds, will peace be realized" (Tempo editorial) The underlined words 'old wounds' above indicate a negative appreciation. The appraised item is the feelings of Papuan. It shows that the editorial writers see the hurt and pain Papuan people felt from past issues as a long-lasting feelings and unforgettable, and therefore, the writer addresses them as an old wounds.

Excerpt 16
"Wamena, located in the central mountains of Jayawijaya regency, Papua province, is one of several big and well-known towns in Papua" (Kompas editorial) The underlined words 'one of several big and well-known known towns in Papua' above indicate a positive appreciation towards Wamena. It shows that the editorial writer values Wamena as one of a big and famous town in Papua.

Graduation in Tempo's and Kompas' Editorials
Graduation concerns with grading phenomena whereby feelings are amplified and categories blurred. There are two kinds of graduation, which are force and focus. The kind of graduation found in these editorials is only force. Force consists of intensification and graduation. The following are the examples: The excerpt above belongs to Tempo's editorial. The underlined word 'immediately' above indicates intensification. The appraised item is President Joko Widodo. It shows that the editorial writer wants to emphasize her/his evaluation by adding the word immediately. In this case, the editorial writer wants President Joko Widodo to realize his mistake in dealing with Papua as soon as possible.

Excerpt 18
"It is very alarming indeed" (Kompas editorial) The excerpt above is from Kompas' editorial. The underlined words 'very' and 'indeed' above indicate intensification. It shows that the editorial writer wants to raise his/her feeling towards the riot. In this case, the writer feels that the occurrence of the riot makes him/her worried and frightened and emphasized it with the word indeed.

b. Quantification in Tempo's and Kompas' editorials
Quantification deals with the assessment of amount. Below are the examples of quantification: Excerpt 19 "A total of 11,646 people, more than a fourth of Wamena's population, have left" (Tempo editorial) The excerpt above is Tempo's. The underlined word 'more' above indicates quantification. The appraised item is Wamena's population. It shows that the editorial writer gives a quantification of the imprecise number of Wamena's citizen that leaves the place Excerpt 20 "A number of people from various ethnic backgrounds moved there to try their luck" (Kompas editorial) The excerpt above comes from Kompas' editorial. The underlined words 'a number' and 'various' above indicate quantification. The appraised item is non-Papuan people. The word a number and various show that the editorial writer quantifies the imprecise number of people with different ethnicity who feel optimistic that moving to Papua might help their luck.

Engagement in Tempo's and Kompas' Editorials
Engagement deals with the source of attitudes and the play of voices around opinion in discourse. There are two kinds of engagement, monogloss and heterogloss. The excerpt above is from Tempo's editorial. As it can be seen, the clause is considered as monogloss because the source of the judgement towards the police comes only from the author. It shows that the writer judges the police for being slow in dealing with the case Excerpt 22 "We appreciate the Air Force for opening its Megantara multipurpose building in Jayapura as a shelter for the displaced, as well as the 1702 Military District Command (Kodim) and the Jayawijaya Police for providing shelter to those in need, as well as a number of churces" (Kompas editorial) The example above is from Kompas' editorial. The underlined 'we' indicate the clause is monogloss. The appraised item is the Air Force. It can be seen that the usage of the word we shows that the attitude comes from the writer itself. In this case, the writer feels grateful that the military and the police help the displaced by providing shelters.

b. Heterogloss in Tempo's and Kompas' Editorials
Heterogloss deals with the voices outside of the author. Below are the examples of heterogloss found in Tempo's and Kompas' editorials: Excerpt 23 "The government has guaranteed the safety of the people of Wamena" (Tempo editorial) Excerpt 23 above is from Tempo's editorial. The underlined words 'The government has guaranteed' are considered as heterogloss because the source of the attitude comes from other than the editorial writer. In this case, the writer is reporting that the government feels confident and assured that the people of Wamena are safe.

Excerpt 24
"President Joko Widodo has emphasized that the rioting in Wamena should not be viewed as an ethnic conflict" (Kompas editorial) The excerpt above is taken from Kompas editorial. The underlined words 'President Jokowi has emphasized' above shows that the clause is heterogloss because the source of the attitude comes from other than the writer. In this case, the attitude comes from President Joko Widodo. The appraised item is the riots in Wamena. The writer reports that President Joko Widodo feels assured that the conflict in Wamena is not an ethnic conflict.

Discussion
As it can be seen from the previous analysis of Tempo and Kompas, there are differences of number in each of appraisal system found especially in attitude. Given the history of Tempo that was brave on criticizing the government, it is not a surprise that Tempo gives more negative attitude towards the government. Meanwhile for Kompas, although there is not any information with its political affiliation, there are some who speculate that Kompas sides with the government, but this actually hasn't proven to be right. Even so, it seems that its focus of the editorial is people who live in Papua (Papuan and non-Papuan) rather than the government and their critics are not as blatant as Tempo.
In term of attitude, Tempo gives a lot of negative attitudes with nearly no positive ones and the appraised items are mostly the president and the government. It can be seen that Tempo doesn't hesitate to give their negative judgement to the president and the government regarding their way in dealing with problems in Papua. Tempo has repeatedly imply that they are dissatisfied with the government's way of resolving the issue and Tempo wants them to realize it immediately as the problem got worse. Tempo also evaluates the government method to deal with the chaos in Papua as ineffective and they need to find other solution, or use the suggestion which Tempo gives in the editorial. Different with Tempo, although Kompas gives negative attitude, it still includes the positive ones and the number surpasses Tempo's and the appraised items are mostly the condition of Papua and Papuan. It shows that Kompas is trying to be more careful in giving their evaluation towards the government and they tend to express feelings more instead of giving judgement and appreciation. The expressed feelings come either from the media company itself or from other sources and they mostly about how sad the condition in Papua is and how the riots affect the people who live in Papua. Although the number is not as high as affect, the writer of Kompas also include both positive and negative appreciation. The positive appreciation is aimed to Wamena, praising that it is one of the big and famous town in Papua that has a growing economic, which gives the reader a picture of the condition where the chaos happened. As for the negative appreciation, they are addressed to the riots and the developments in Papua, stating that the riots in Papua is a huge tragedy, and just like in Tempo, Kompas is also implying that the developments made are ineffective to resolve the problems. However, unlike Tempo, Kompas doesn't go deeper in expressing its feelings, judgement, or appreciation towards the government.
In term of graduation, both Tempo and Kompas use more Force than Focus because they mostly grade their evaluation according to intensity or amount. As for Tempo, it uses more force especially intensification since they tend to assess the degree of intensity over process and quality in their attitude, specifically the negatives one towards the government and their method in dealing with Papua. It seems that the usage of intensification in their attitude is mostly to push the government to realize that their method is no longer effective to solve the problems in Papua. Just like Tempo, Kompas also use a lot of intensification in their editorial. However, it seems that their usage of intensification is mostly to show how intense their/other source's feelings are towards the Papuan, issue in Papua, and the effect of the issue.
In term of engagement, both Tempo and Kompas use monogloss more than heterogloss. The sources of the attitudes in the two editorials mostly come from the writers themselves. Editorial is the representation of the media company opinion towards certain issue, hence, they don't put much attitude that comes from other sources in order to show the reader that the writings are truly the company's voice.

CONCLUSION
From the analysis above, it can be concluded that from the total of 137 appraisal system in both Tempo and Kompas, attitude has the highest number from total which is 46, then followed by Graduation with 46, and Engagement with 45.
In term of attitude, Tempo has more judgement than Kompas and they are mainly negative judgement. This means that Tempo focuses more on criticizing. The most appraised items is the government. It shows that Tempo is brave to criticize the government and wants them to use new methods to resolve the problem in Papua. Meanwhile in Kompas, it has more affect with negative affect number higher than the positive ones. This means that Kompas focuses more on expressing feelings. The most appraised items are Papuan people and the condition in Papua. It shows that Kompas gives a few evaluation towards the government and they choose to express their sympathy to those affected by the riots.
Then from the analysis of graduation, Tempo and Kompas use Force more in their editorials. This means that they mainly grade their evaluation from the intensity or amount. However, in this case, both media tend to use more of intensification rather than quantification. As for Tempo, the use of intensification is mostly to force the government to make a change in dealing with issues in Papua. And as for Kompas, the use of it is mostly to show the raise of their sympathy towards the Papuan citizen and the condition in Papua.
From the analysis of engagement, both Tempo and Kompas use more monogloss than heterogloss. This shows that the sources of their attitude are mostly from the writers themselves. The reason they use more monogloss is because an editorial's function is to represent the media company's attitude toward an issue and therefore, they mainly voice their own opinion so the reader can see that their editorials truly represent the company.