The Comparative Analysis of Affect’s Realisation in The Tell-Tale Heart and The Black Cat Short Stories (Approach: Appraisal System)

This study aims to investigate the realisation of affect in Edgar Allan Poe’s short stories entitled The Tell-Tale Heart and The Black Cat. The short stories were analyzed using appraisal system adapted from Martin and White (2005). This study used qualitative method. The data are collected by using content analysis. The data were validated by 3 raters through Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The result shows that the most category of affect in The Tell-Tale Heart short story was “Insecurity: Disquiet” (33,33%). Meanwhile, in The Black Cat short story, the most category of affect was Unhappiness: Antiphaty (22,09%), Insecurity: Disquiet (18,60%), and Inclination: Desire (15,11%).


INTRODUCTION
Edgar Allan Poe is one of American influential writer in the 19th century. Poe wrote many horror and psychological short stories. In the story, Poe often uses the character "I" as the main character. The figure of "I" is described as having an anxious experience, but being addicted to his curiosity, because his fear is defeated by his great curiosity. Poe also tells the main character is haunted by fear of violence, evil creatures, supernatural, even death.
The experience ofc"I"cin Poe's short stories can be analyzedbyAppraisal theory in the Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) approach. Especially in the realisation of affect as one aspect of attitude in Appraisal system. Appraisal itself contains attitude, graduation, and engagement. Attitude refers to a meaning system that includes three semantic features which include emotions, ethics, and aesthetics (Martin and White, 2005). The emotional dimension is closely related to one's feelings in an aspect of attitude called affect. Ethics is to judge someone's behavior (judgement), while aesthetic is an assessment to something (appreciation).
Based on Edgar Allan Poe's short stories that emphasizes the emotions and feelings of"I", so it appropriatesthat this research emphasizes affect as the emotional dimension in Appraisal system. This research did not analyze Judgment andappreciation, because the Poe's short stories did not mean to judge or to assess something/someone. The Poe's short stories that will be analyzed entitled The Tell-Tale Heart and The Black Cat.
Apraisal study has been analyzed by several researchers in various texts. For instance, Apraisal study wasanalyzedin news texts (Suherman, 2008;Prasetyo, 2011;Widiastuti, 2015;Nazhira et al, 2016;Pusparini, 2017;Lutfi, 2018;Gunawan et al, 2019). Apraisal study has also been conducted on speech texts (Magnificent, 2019;Nasution, 2018;Muliza 2018). Advertisement has also been analyzed by Apraisal theory (Nugraheni, 2011;Tiani, 2017;Sukma, 2018). Appraisal study was examined in the media conferences text (Maylina, 2013;Haristyanti, 2015;Amalia & Hakim, 2017). Appraisal study in literary works such as novels was analyzed by Dewi (2015). Appraisal system has also been found in Instagram by Nur and Hadi (2016). Based on those studies, we know that the Appraisal theory can be applied in various texts. This study aims to fill the emptiness of Appraisal study in the "short story", especially the gothic short stories which is full of psychology, violence and mystery.

Research Design
This research uses a descriptive qualitative. Descriptive qualitative research aims to understand and to describe cultural phenomena (Blaxter et al., 2006;Moleong, 1989;Strauss & Corbin, 2003in Santosa, 2017. The descriptive explanation will be applied in the discussion of affect in Edgar Allan Poe's short stories. This research also uses case study, because it focuses on affect realisation as oneof Appraisal system in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). the paradigm of case study in this research refers to Yin (2002).

The Subject of Research
The subject of this research is category of affect contained in Edgar Allan Poe's short stories. The short stories areThe Tell-Tale Heart and The Black Cat. This research focuses on the affectsystem in Appraisal theory. The affect analysis only focuses on character "I" in each short stories.

Data Collection Procedures
In this research, document analysis is used to find out data.The dataare in the form of expressions that represent affect on character"I". The researcher collected data by reading and noting the expressions that represent affect realisation. The procedure in this research are: a) Reading short stories entitled The Tell-Tale Heart and The Black Cat. b) Identifying expressions that contain affectin character "I". c) Classifying affectexpressionsaccording to Appraisal theory.

Instruments
In qualitative research, the researcher is the primary research instrument. It means that the researcher himself as the key of the instrument within collecting the data.

Procedure of the Research
The researcher will classified data based on Appraisal system and analyzed each data in the discussion.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This section describes categories of affect found in The Tell-Tale Heart and The Black Cat. The category of affect refers to the Appraisal theory by Martin and White (2005). The affect realization was found 140 data on both short stories. There are 54 data found in The Tell-Tale Heart and 86 data in The Black Cat.

The realization of affects in The Tell-Tale Heart
There are 54 data found in The Tell-Tale Heart story. There are 9 categories of affect based on Appraisal theory by Martin and White (2005). The detail of findings datacan be seen in Table 1. Based on the findings of data above, it can be seen that category "Insecurity: Disquiet"more dominant than others category. There are 18 data (33.33%) found in the story. The discussion of each affect category, as follows.

a. Insecurity: Disquiet
Martin and White (2005) explained category of "Insecurity: Disquiet" can be represented by surge and disposition. In the form of surge, they gave expressions examples"restless, twitching, and shaking", while dispositionform are"uneasy, anxious, and freaked out". Based on the findings data in The Tell-Tale Heartstory, "Insecurity: Disquiet"was found 18 data. This category can be represented explicitly and implicitly. It dependsto the situation context in the story. These are examples of "Insecurity: Disquiet" category, which is represented explicitly.
1. True! nervous -very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; 2. And now a new anxiety seized me -the sound would be heard by a neighbor! Datum 1 and Datum 2 tells us that character "I" in the story experiences a feeling of "disquiet". That is representated by expressions"nervous and anxiety". Based on the exampleabove, "Insecurity: Disquiet" which is represented explicitly tends to disposition form. "Insecurity: Disquiet" category can also be represented implicitly.
3. My head ached, and I fancied a ringing in my ears. I talked more freely to get rid of the feeling.

I gasped for breath --and yet the officers heard it not.
Datum 3 and Datum 4 do not explain clearly the feeling of "disquiet" experienced by character "I" in the story. However, if it is related to the context of the situation in the story, the bold printed expressionsrepresent"Insecurity: Disquiet". The sample data above explains the situation of "I" who heard the sound of the old man's heart after "I" killed him. It made "I" felt uneasy and wanted to rid that feelings by talking loudly to three policemen. Character"I" also took a deep breath to hide his anxiety. Datum 3 and Datum 4 represented implicitly as surge form of affect.

b. Security: Confidence
"Security: Confidence" also has a form of surge and disposition. Martins and White (2005) gave examples of these expressions, as follows; surge: declare, assert, and proclaim; disposition: confident, assured, and boastful. Based on the findings data, therea are 10 expressions that represent "Security: Confidence" The Tell-Tale Heartstory. These are the examples and discussion of "Security: Confidence".
5. And every morning, when the day broke, I went boldly into the chamber, 6. and spoke courageously to him.
The context situasion of Datum 5 is"I" visited the room Old man boldly every morning before he did the murder. The expression"boldly"represents"Security: Confidence", because it describes character "I" who is confident. Furthermore, character "I" spoke loudly to the old man (Datum 6). The term courageously also shows the confident attitude of "I" which is the servant of the old man.

c. Dissatisfaction: Displeasure
Martins and White (2005) explained"Dissatisfaction: Displeasure" category can be represented by surge (caution, scold, castigate) and disposition (cross, angry, furious). Based on the findings data in The Tell-Tale Heartstory, there are 8 data of "Dissatisfaction: Displeasure". These are the examples and discussion of "Dissatisfaction: Displeasure".
7. It increased my fury, as the beating of a drum stimulates the soldier into courage.
The context situasion of Datum 7 is "I" in the story was in anger when he saw the old man's eye. This was shown by the expression"my fury" which represented his anger. Datum 8 tells when"I" in the story shrieked by saying "villains!" Because he was annoyed by policemen behavior who pretended overthe murder. The shriek of "I" represents that he is uncomfortable with the situation.

d. Inclination: Desire
The form of surge in "Inclination: Desire" can be represented by expressions suggest, request, and implore, while the disposition form is expressed byincomplete, lonely, and effective (Martins and White, 2005). Based on the findings data, there are 5 data that represented "Inclination: Desire"in The Tell-Tale Heart story.These are the examples and discussion of "Inclination: Desire".
9. In the enthusiasm of my confidence, I brought chairs into the room, and desired them here to rest from their fatigues.
10. I bade them search --search well.
Datum 9 explains character "I" in the story desired the policemen to take a seat. It is shown by the expression"desire" in that context. Character "I" also bade the policemen to search the evidence of the murder. The expressions"desire and bade" in that context reveals "Inclination: Desire" category, because "I" wanted the policemen did what "I" requested.

e. Happiness: Cheer
The examples of surge expression in "Happiness: Cheer"category are: chuckle, laugh, rejoice. And the disposition form, are: cheerful, buoyant, jubilant. Based on the findings data, there are 5 data that represented "Happiness: Cheer"in The Tell-Tale Heart story.These are the examples and discussion of "Happiness: Cheer".
11. I could scarcely contain my feelings of triumph. To think that there I was, opening the door, little by little, and he not even to dream of my secret deeds or thoughts.

12.
I knew what the old man felt, and pitied him, although I chuckled at heart. Datum 11 tells "I" who opened the old man's room carefully felt happy because the old man did not his action. So "I"in the story said that he could scarcely contain my feelings of triumph. He pitied the old man but he chuckled at his heart (Datum 12). The expression "chuckled"revealsthat "I"felt happy.

f. Security: Trust
Martins and White (2005) explained this category can be represented in surge form: delegate, commit, and entrust; disposition: comfortable with, confident in/about, and trusting. Surge in this affectcategory is not found in the story. There are 3 data that represented "Security: Trust"in The Tell-Tale Heart story.These are the examples and discussion of "Security: Trust".

13.
My manner had convinced them.
Datum 13 tells "I" who treated well the policemen made they convinced to "I". The expression "had convinced" is categorized as "Security: Trust" because the attitude of "I" made policemen trust him.

g. Unhappiness: Antipathy
Martins and White (2005) explained this category can be represented in surge form: rubbish, abuse, revile; disposition: dislike, hate, abhor. Disposition in this affectcategory is not found in the story. There are 2 data that represented "Unhappiness: Antipathy"in The Tell-Tale Heart story.These are the examples and discussion of "Unhappiness: Antipathy". 14.
Oh God! what could I do? Ifoamed --Iraved --I swore! I swung the chair upon which I had been sitting, and grated it upon the boards, but the noise arose over all and continually increased.
The expression "swore" is said by "I" in the story, because he feels displeased with the "sound" rang in his head. It made him cursed the "voice".

h. Disinclination: Fear
Martins and White (2005) explained this category can be represented in surge form: tremble, shudder, cower; disposition: wary, fearful, terrorized. Disposition in this affectcategory is not found in the story. There are 1 data that represented "Disinclination: Fear"in The Tell-Tale Heart story.These are the examples and discussion of "Disinclination: Fear".

15.
it that chilled the very marrow in my bones.
The expression above tells when character "I" was looking at the old man's eye, he felt afraid. The expression of fear is expressed by "chilled the very marrow in my bones".

i. Happiness: Affection
Martins and White (2005) explained this category can be represented in surge form: shake hands, hug, cuddle; disposition: fond, loving, adoring. Surge in this affectcategory is not found in the story. There are 1 data that represented "Happiness: Affection"in The Tell-Tale Heart story.These are the examples and discussion of "Happiness: Affection".

16.
I loved the old man.
In the story, "I" did not hate the old man. "I" loved him personally. "I" only hated the old man's eyewhich is like a vulture. The expression "love" in that context reveals "Happiness: Affection" category.

The realization ofaffects in The Black Cat
There are 86 data foundin The Black catstory. There are12categories of affect based on Appraisal theory by Martin and White (2005). The detail can be seen in Table 2. Based on the findings data above, it can be seen that category "Unhappiness: Antipathy"more dominant than others category. There are 19 data (22,09%) found in the story. The discussion of each affect category, as follows.

a. Unhappiness: Antipathy
This category appears 19 times in the story. This category is often used by Poeto represent the hatred and displeasure feelings of character "I" in the story. These are the examples and discussion of "Unhappiness: Antipathy".

17.
I not only neglected, but ill-used them.

18.
What added, no doubt, my hatred of the beast, was the discovery, on the morning after I brought it home The category "Unhappiness: Antipathy" is used by Poe to represent the hatred of character "I" towards his pets. Surge and disposition are used to represent this category. Surge refers to the behavior of "I", it is shown in Datum 17 that "I" hurt his pets. While the form of dispositionis shown in Datum 18 that character "I" really hate his pets, especially Pluto, the black cat.

b. Insecurity: Disquiet
This category is often used by Poe to represent the character "I" who feels uncomfortable about something. This category appears 16 times in the story.This is the example and discussion of "Insecurity: Disquiet".

19.
For months I could not rid myself of the phantasm of the cat; and, during this period, there came back into my spirit a halfsentiment that seemed, but was not, remorse.
The context of that expression is the "I"in the story killed the black cat. After "I" did the murder, he can not forget the dead black cat;s figure. Datum 19 represents character "I"who feel uncomfortable in remembering the murder. It is shown in the expression "could not rid my self" from the black cat.

c. Inclination: Desire
In the story, this category represents the desire of character "I". This category occurs 13 times in the story. This is the example and discussion of "Inclination: Desire".

20.
I at once offered to purchase it of the landlord This category can be represented by surge form. Surge is represented by behavioral. It was seen in Datum 20, "I" who was sitting in a cafe, saw a black cat that was similar to the previous cat. He wanted the cat. So he asked to the land lord to buy the cat. The category "Inclination: Desire" is revealed by the expression"offered to purchase".

d. Dissatisfaction: Displeasure
In the story, this category is used to represent the feelings of anger experienced by character "I". There are 9 data found in the story. Surge in this category is not found in the story. This is the example and discussion of "Dissatisfaction: Displeasure".

21.
The fury of a demon instantly possessed me.
That expression occurs when character "I"graped the black cat, then the black cat bit I's hand. That accidentmede"I"was very angry. The anger was expressed by "The fury of a demon". Thatexpression shows the feeling of anger.

e. Happiness: Affection
In the story, this category appears before character "I" hate his pets. At the beginning of the story, the character "I" really loved his pets. There are 6 data found in the story. These are the examples and discussion of "Happiness: Affection".

22.
and never was so happy as when feeding and caressing them.

23.
I was especially fond of animals.
The expression "feeding and caressing" in Datum 22 shows character "I" love his pets. Thisexpression is classified as surge. Meanwhile, the expression "especially fond"in Datum 23 shows the feeling of love represented in the form of disposition.

f. Disinclination: Fear
This category is often used by Poe to represent the fear of "I" after killing the pets. There are 5 data found in the story. These are the examples and discussion of "Disinclination: Fear".

24.
I blush, I burn, I shudder, while I pen the damnable atrocity.

25.
I experienced a sentiment half of horror, half of remorse, for the crime of which I had been guilty.
In the story this category can be represented in the form of surge and disposition. The surge form is shown in Datum 24. "I" in the story felt afraid when he remembered the murder. That feeling is represented by expression "shudder". This category is also found in the form of disposition.The expression"a half of horror" represents the fear of "I".

g. Unhappiness: Misery
This category represents the sad feelings experienced by "I" in the story. There are 5 data found in the story. This is the example and discussion of "Unhappiness: Misery".

26.
hung it with the tears streaming from my eyes, and with the bitterest remorse at my heart.
The context of situation in Datum 26 is when character "I" hung the black cat at the tree. Eventhough "I" really hates the black cat, but when he hung the cat, he felt sad. That is shown by the expression "with the tears streaming from my eyes and with the bitterest remorse at my heart".

h. Happiness: Cheer
There are 5 data of "Happiness: Cheer" in the story. This is the example and discussion of "Happiness: Cheer".

27.
My happiness was supreme! This category is used by Poe to represent the feeling of pleasure felt by "I" in the story when character "I" has killed the black cat and his wife. The joy was shown by the expression "My happiness was supreme!".

i. Satisfaction: Admiration
This category occurs after character "I" in the story has committed the murder. There are 3 data foundin the story. This is the example and discussion of "Satisfaction: Admiration".

28.
When I had finished, I felt satisfied that all was right.
The context of the situation above is when character "I" killed the black cat. "I" was satisfied because the figure who bothered him had been dead. Satisfaction is shown by the expression "felt satisfied".

j. Insecurity: Surprise
There are 2 data found in the story. The data represents character "I" who was shocked by something. These are the examples and discussion of "Insecurity: Surprise".

29.
Swooning, I staggered to the opposite wall.

30.
What now caused me surprise was the fact that I had not sooner perceived the object thereupon.
The context of the situation on Datum 29 occurred when the policemen found the corpse inside the wall. "I" was really shocked to see the accident. The feeling of shock is represented by the expression "swooning" as surge form. Meanwhile, Datum 30 is classified explisitly as "Insecurity: Surprise"in the form of disposition.

k. Satisfaction: Interest
There are 2 data found in the story. This category is used by Poe to represent the character "I" who interested to something. This is the example and discussion of "Satisfaction: Interest".

31.
One night as I sat, half stupefied, in a den of more than infamy, my attention was suddenly drawn to some black object.
The context of the situation on Datum 31 occurs when the character "I"was sitting in a cafe, then he saw a black object around him. The expression"my attention" represents to"Satisfaction: Interest" category.

l. Security: Confidence
There is only 1 data found in the story. This category is used by Poe to represent the character "I" who is confident. This is the example and discussion of "Security: Confidence".

32.
I felt no embarrassment whatever.
That expression was spoken by the character "I" in the story after he killed his wife. He was not ashamed of what he had done, because his wife had bothered him to kill the black cat. The expression "felt no embarrassment" is another word of confidence feelings.
Based on the findings above, it can be concluded that some of the affect categories are represented by surge and disposition. Surge meansbehavioral, while disposition means feelings. Based on the findings, affect category can also be represented explicitly and implicitly. Explicitly represented by disposition and implicitly represented by surge.
Furthermore, The Tell-Tale Heart and The Black Catstories have a different settings. It influencesthe affectrealizationin both short stories. In The Tell-Tale Heart story, the author emphasized the use of "disquiet" and "confidence" categories to represent the feelings of"I" in the story. The disquiet category is often used by the author when character "I" felt uneasy after killed the old man. The category of confidence occured when character "I"had committed the murder so neatly.
In The Black Cat story, the author emphasized the category "antipathy and disquiet". Antipathy was expressed by the author to represent character "I" who loved his pets, but after a few months he began to hate his pets due to the influence of alcohol. While the "disquiet" category is occured when character "I" is haunted by feelings of guilt for his murder.

CONCLUSION
This research can be concluded that there are 9 categories of affect expression on The Tell-Tale Heart short story and 12categories of affect expression on The Black Cat short story.
The most affect category found in The Tell-Tale Heart is Insecurity: Disquiet and the most affect category in The Black Cat is Unhappiness: Antipathy.